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Address bus We have address line in , which divided into two parts. First part higher order address line A8 to A15 at pin Another is lower order address line A0-A7 at pin Lower address lines are multiplex with data lines. They are use as the low-order bus as well as the data bus. RD compliment is connecting at pin no. WR compliment Write : This is a write control signal active low. WR compliment is connecting at pin These pin is use for permanent storage in memory.

When it is low, it indicates a memory operation. Vss: Vss is use to Ground reference. X1, X2; A crystal is connected at these two pins. Two internally divides the frequency; therefore, to operate a system at 3 MHZ, the crystal should have a frequency of 6 MHZ. Externally initiated signal, including interrupts The interrupts and externally initiated signals Interrupts: We have five-interrupt signal in microprocessor.

There signal are use for generate barrier in any program under execution. RST 7. TRAP: This is a nonmaskable interrupt and has the highest priority. HOLD: These pin is use for hold the program in mid way. This is on by signal 1 or at high signal. This is on by signal 0 or at low signal. This flag is used with signed numbers. If in a given byte, if D7 is 1, the number will be viewed as a negative number, if it is 0, the number will be considered positive.

This flag is irrelevant for the operations of unsigned numbers. This flag is modified by the results in the accumulator as well as in other registers. The flag is used internally for binary coded decimal operations and is not available for the programmer to change the sequence of a program with a jump instruction. If it has an odd number of 1s, the flag is reset. The carry flag also serves as a borrow flag for subtraction. Not zero A carry is transferred from of 1s. D3 to D4 bit so it sets.

It can be used for temperature control of furnace, speed of electric motor, radars, tanks, etc. Architecture Of Micro Processor: The architecture means structural design of the digital circuit responsible for computing. The features which affect the architecture of microprocessors are length of its data word, which is decided by size of data buses, the size of memory accessed by microprocessor, which depends on size of address buses, no.

The microprocessor is an 8-bit general purpose microprocessor. Data storage and processing in microprocessor: microprocessor includes various 8-bit and bit registers. Registers are setoff flip flops and used to store data temporarily for processing. Enormous data is stored in memory, which is separate to microprocessor; hence the data which need to process is copied into registers to save the processing time. Accumulator 8 Flag register B register 8 C register 8 D register 8 E register 8 H register 8 L register 8 Stack pointer 16 Program counter 16 Data buses 8 lines Address buses 16 lines bidirectional unidirectional Various register have different task to perform in microprocessor.

Accumulator is an 8-bit register and the results of arithmetic or logical operations are stored in this. It is also used to receive and send data from input and output port respectively. Flag register is to define status of accumulator; hence it is also called status register. Program counter is a memory pointer and stores memory address of the next byte of the program to be executed.

It is of bit. Stack pointer is same as program counter and holds the memory address at top of the stack. Data stored in stack pointer is read in LIFO manner, which means last entered data, is read first. There are three sets of buses: 1. Data bus 3. Control bus Address bus: it is group of 16 lines. It is used to carry the address of memory location and addresses of input and output ports. It is a unidirectional bus. Means bits can flow only in one direction i. Data bus: It is group of 8 lines, used to carry data.

These lines are bidirectional. Data can flow in both directions i. Since the size of data buses is of 8-bits, the microproccesor is called 8-bit microprocessor Control bus: It comprises of various single lines that carry various control signals for synchronizing various devices and performing different tasks. The microprocessor generates specific control signals for different operations.

Basic Operations Of Microprocesor: It performs following five basic operations: Opcode fetch: Reading and decoding operation code of an instruction Memory Read: Reading data from memory. Pins and Signals: microprocessor chip has pins. Fig shows various pins and signals of microprocessor. It generate clock frequency for oscillation. The required clock frequency is 3MHz. The crystal oscillator generates frequency of 6Mhz because it is divided into two equal frequencies internally.

Pin 3 and Pin 3 is used for Reset Out means to reset all programs which are stored in the microprocessor. The pin is on by 1 or high signal. Pin no 36 is also used to reset the program for external chip.

This is on by signal 0 or low signal. Pin Pin 20 is required for grounding purpose. Pin clock out is used for generation clock in external chip connected to microprocessor.

Pin 33 and 29 status signal : We have two status signals at 33 and These signals are used for telling the status of external chip. Address Lines: We have 16 address lines in which is divided in two parts: Higher order address line A8-A15 -[Pin ] Lower order address line A0-A7 -[Pin ] The lower order address line is multiplexed with data lines. This Pin is used for permanent storage of data in memory.

Pin RD is used for temporary storage of data in memory read only. Intrupt Signal: We have five intrupt signal in These signals are used to generate barrier in any program under execution. These interrupts works in theirown different way. When all interrupts are on,they work in their priority order. RST interrupt restart the execution of program. Pin 38 and First pin is used to hold the program in mid way and second is used as an acknowledgement signal for HOLD.

Accumulator 2. ALE 3. Ready signal 4. Accumulator :- It is the most important part of the airthmetic and logic unit. It is an 8 bit register which can store 8 bit data. Result of any airthmetic operations are store in the accumulator. It is also used to receive data from input port and sending data to output port from microprocessor. Address latch enable :- This pin is used for demultiplexing.

It is an active high signal which enables the latch used to demultiplex. Ready signal:- This signal is used to communicate with other peripherals of microprocessor like input ports output ports and memory.

If this signal is high means peripheral is ready to send or accept data. If it is low means peripheral is not ready to execute so it will wait until it goes high.

For holding the address it uses stack which is the part of memory. It stores the data temporarily. It follows the LIFO concept last in first out. Program counter:- It is also a 16 bit register and a memory pointer means it can store 16 bit data. It stores the memory address of the next byte of the program to be executed.

Whenever program is to be executed program counter incremented by 1 and after executing the first statement it points to next statement then it gets the address of the second statement automatically. Above process is repeated until the program is over. ALE 2. READY 3. HOLD 4. ALE :- Address latch enable signal is an active high signal. It goes high during first clock cycle and enables the latch used to demultiplex address bus from data bus.

READY :- Microprocessor has to communicate with other peripherals ,which are slow as compared to the microprocessor. READY signal is used to synchronies these peripherals with microprocessor. If it is low it means peripheral is not ready and microprocessor will wait until it goes high. HOLD :- This signal when goes high indicates that some other device such as DMA controller is requesting the use of address and data buses. When it goes low, program counter is reset to zero and buses are tri-stated.

It also resets interrupt enable flip-flop and instruction register. No other flag and register is affected. Its pin no. These signals are listed blow: Pin no: 29, 33, IIts pin no. Explain how these lines are demultiplexed. Why you ask? Extend your gaming experience with the new official extension for Farming Simulator 15! This DLC contains all-new equipment from JCB including tractors, a wheel loader, a telescopic wheel loader, a skid steer loader and various attachments.

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